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connect you to the corresponding PRACTICE QUESTIONS!

Structure of Matter|
As a result of working with different materials and learning theories about the structure of matter:

Students understand the basic structure of atoms and the properties of elements.

• Describe the basic structure of atoms (including protons, neutrons and electrons) and how the atoms of one element are alike and different from each other.
• Describe the organization of the elements in the periodic table, including the properties and electronic arrangements of elements in the first three periods.

Students understand the use of physical and chemical properties to classify and describe matter.

• Describe the different physical properties that are used to classify matter, including density, melting point and boiling point.
• Explain that new substances are formed when atoms combine by transferring or sharing electrons (i.e., ionic and covalent bonding).
• Explain the differences among atoms, elements, molecules, compounds and mixtures and give examples of each using common materials.

Reactions and Interactions
As a result of studying changes in matter and how they occur:

Students understand the differences between physical and chemical changes of matter.

• Describe the physical states of matter (solids, liquids and gases) in terms of the arrangement and motion of particles and explain how heat is related to changes in the physical state of matter.
• Describe the differences between chemical and physical changes of matter and explain how chemical changes involve the rearrangement of molecules, atoms or ions to form new substances.

Students understand that materials interact with each other in various forms.

• Explain that total mass and energy are conserved in synthesis and decomposition reactions.
• Describe combustion and corrosion reactions of materials with oxygen (i.e., burning, respiration and rusting).
• Describe the chemical structures and properties of acids and bases and relate them to the properties of common household products.

Forces and Motion
As a result of studying the motion of different objects:

Students understand that energy and matter interact through forces that result in changes in the motions of objects.

• Explain the relationships among distance, time and speed, interpret graphs of motion, and perform calculations using the equation Distance = Speed x Time.
• Describe Newton’s three laws of motion, apply them to everyday phenomena, and perform calculations using the equation Force = Mass x Acceleration.
• Describe the effects of gravitation on the motion and weight of objects.

Students understand the nature of electricity and magnetism.

• Describe the factors that affect the electrical forces between charges and explain how electric currents and magnets exert a force on each other.
• Describe the effects of voltage and resistance on the flow of electric charges in a series circuit.

Energy Sources and Transformations
As a result of studying various forms of energy:

Students understand the nature of various forms of energy.

• Describe various forms of energy, including light, heat, chemical, electrical and mechanical energy, and identify them in various physical settings.
• Describe kinetic and potential energy transformations in biological, chemical, mechanical and electrical systems.
• Describe simple machines, including ramps, levers and pulleys, and explain their use in terms of work and forces.

Students understand the properties of sound and light.

• Describe different classifications within the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of their wavelengths, energies, effects on living organisms and uses in modern technologies.
• Describe the wave properties of sound, including volume and pitch.
• Explain the behavior of light, including reflection, refraction, absorption and the phenomenon of color.

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