Appendicular Bone Identification Lab (Clues!)

Name: _________________________________  Date: ___________________ Period: _____

Name, Left or Right, & Landmarks
Mr. Lazaroff’s Anatomy & Physiology Classes
Due Date: The day of the exam . . .

FOR ONLINE HELP, CHECK OUT
The Living Skeleton: a Tour of Human Bones Includes Photos & X-Rays (w/ and w/o labels)	Try Searching for the Bones in Gray's Anatomy	The eSkeletons Project: Interactive Learning View the bones from different angles	Virtual Hospital's NORMAL RADIOLOGIC ANATOMY X-RAY CT Scans MRI Scans Ultrasound

I. Problem:

Is it possible to identify the bones of the appendicular skeleton, and determine the side of the body to which it belongs?

II. Hypothesis:

Predict whether you will be able to do the above.

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III. Experimental Design:

A. Materials

Disarticulated Appendicular Skeleton Articulated Skeleton White Textbook for Reference Blue Textbook for Reference Skelton Atlas for Reference Teacher, partly for Reference, but mostly to be the JURY to your PROSECUTION!*   (CLICK HERE for a complete diagram of the skeleton, with anterior, posterior, and lateral views  In addition to showing the body outline, many of the landmarks will also be visible here!)

B. Procedure:

Make a LIFE SIZE drawing of each of the bones below (you will need to TAPE pages together for the Large Bones), and label the following:     1. Bone Name     2. Left or Right     3. Landmarks specific for each bone (see below)     4.Proximal, distal, medial, & lateral, anterior, & posterior regions     5. Make all drawings from an anterior view, except :                Clavicle - superior, Pelvic Bone - medial, Scapula - posterior     6. For the Pectoral & Pelvic Girdles use superior, inferior, rather than proximal, distal     7. Remember to think in terms of X (medial, lateral), Y (proximal, distal), & Z (anterior, posterior) axes!     8. Remember, also, to always think about the other bones (and their landmarks) that connect to each landmark            Gee . . . I wonder what the insert landmark here attaches to . . . ____________ (fill in the blanks below!)     9. Prove to the teacher that the bone you have is LEFT or RIGHT.* *NOTE: You MUST seek the teacher out.  You will be acting as the PROSECUTION here; the BURDEN OF PROOF is yours.  You must use the evidence (the landmarks and the directional terms that apply) to PROVE to the teacher, who will be a JURY of ONE, whether the bone you have is LEFT or RIGHT!

Unlabed = UNSATISFACTORY

A SAMPLE OF HOW TO DRAW A BONE:

Labeled = GOOD	How to Label a ROTATED bone!
BONY LANDMARKS Areas on a bone to which something attaches (another bone, a muscle, blood vessels & nerves).
Holes & Depressions:      Fossa - a depression in a bone (often named after the structure that fits in it!)      Foramen - a hole in a bone      Fissure - a groove intermediate to two bones      Meatus - a canal or tube in a bone PROJECTIONS:      Process - an often sharp, quasi finger-like projection away from the main part of the bone           Spinous process -  a thin projection      Head - a rounded structure (usually on the proximal epiphysis)      Crest - a conspicuous ridge on a bone, often on the anterior surface      Line - a smaller ridge for muscle attachment, often posterior      Notch - an indentation in a bone (often curved in shape), where another bone moves      Condyle - large rounded bump that is used to form a joint with another bone      Epicondyle - since "Epi" means "above," this is, well, ABOVE THE CONDYLE!       Trochlea - a pulley-shaped sturcture      THE TUBER-like (Potato-like) Structures:           Tubercle - a small bump or tuber-like structure (NOTE: Small, not Tall)           Tuberosity - a medium bump (NOTE: Medium, not Grande, which means Large), often a bit ugly!           Trochanter - a large bump (NOTE: Large, not Venti, which means "20" in Italian)*                This is only found on the femur       Facet - flat, smooth surface      Sinus - a hollow cavity within a bone (like those in the skull) * To be fair, this refers to 20 ounces, which is, wait a minute, a unit of measurement that the Italians never use!  They use milliliters!  Now that's just messed up . . .

IV. Data: Your DATA are your drawings . . .

KEY:
    Bone
    Landmark
    Directional term

Pectoral Girdle - Shoulders

Scapula - "Shoulder Blade"    Draw from a POSTERIOR VIEW
        Acromion (process) is lateral, superior & posterior    Gee . . . I wonder what the Acromion attaches to  ___________
       Coracoid process is lateral, superior & anterior
       Glenoid cavity is lateral    Gee . . . I wonder what the Glenoid cavity  attaches to . . ._______________________________
        Spine is posterior & superior
    NOTE: This is the "Spine" of the Scapula; don't confuse this with the Vertebrae!    
Clavicle - "Collar Bone"      Draw from a SUPERIOR VIEW
        Costal tuberosity is medial, & inferior    Gee . . . I wonder what the Costal tuberosity attaches to . . ._______________________________
        Sternal extremity is medial    Gee . . . I wonder what the Sternal extremity attaches to . . ._______________________________
        Acromial extremity is lateral, and concave on the inferior surface    Gee . . . I wonder what the Acromial extremity attaches to _______________________
                NOTE: From a superior view, the Clavicle looks like an archery BOW,  which should always bow FORWARD (towards the anterior)
                NOTE: Costal means "Rib."  Since the ribs are inferior to the Clavicle, the Costal tuberosity is inferior.

Upper Extremity - Arms

Humerus - Think “funny bone,” even though it is actually a nerve you feel!
         Capitulum is distal, anterior, & lateral    Gee . . . I wonder what the Capitulum attaches to . . ._______________________________
       Coronoid fossa is distal, anterior, & slightly medial    Gee . . . I wonder what the Coronoid fossa attaches to . . ._______________________________
       Deltoid tuberosity is lateral, and on the diaphysis    Gee . . . I wonder what the Deltoid tuberosity attaches to . . ._______________________________
       Greater tubercle is proximal & lateral
       Head is proximal & medial    Gee . . . I wonder what the Head attaches to . . ._______________________________
        Olecranon fossa is posterior    Gee . . . I wonder what the Olecranon fossa attaches to . . ._______________________________
       Radial fossa is distal, anterior, & lateral    Gee . . . I wonder what the Radial fossa attaches to . . ._______________________________
       Trochlea is distal, & both anterior, & posterior (the "pulley")     Gee . . . I wonder what the Trochlea attaches to . . ._______________________________
Radius - Look for the “wheel”
        Head (the “wheel”) is proximal    Gee . . . I wonder what the Head attaches to . . ._______________________________
       Radial tuberosity is proximal & medial
       Styloid process is distal & lateral
       Ulnar notch is medial    Gee . . . I wonder what the Ulnar notch attaches to . . ._______________________________
        The Distal epiphysis is concave on the anterior surface (That's where you feel for a pulse!). 
        NOTE: Styloid means "needle-like."  The needle on a record player is called a stylus.
Ulna - The bone with the “U”
        Coronoid process is proximal & anterior    Gee . . . I wonder what the Coronoid process attaches to . . ._______________________________
       Olecranon process (your "elbow") is proximal and posterior    Gee . . . I wonder what the Olecranon process attaches to . . ._________________________
       Radial notch is lateral & proximal    Gee . . . I wonder what the Radial notch attaches to . . ._______________________________
      Styloid process is distal & posterior
       Trochlear notch (The “U”) is proximal & faces anteriorly    Gee . . . I wonder what the Trochlear notch attaches to . . ._____________________________
    NOTE: Think of the “U” (known as the Trochlear Notch) as a MOUTH; mouths always face FORWARD (towards the anterior).

Pelvic Girdle - Hips

Pelvic Bone, or Ossa Coxa - Pelvis        Draw from a MEDIAL VIEW
        Acetabulum is lateral    Gee . . . I wonder what the Acetabulum attaches to . . ._______________________________
        Iliac Crest is superior
      Obturator foramen is anterior, & inferior
      Pubis is anterior    Gee . . . I wonder what the Pubis attaches to . . ._______________________________

Lower Extremity - Legs

Femur -  The THIGH bone
       Greater trochanter is proximal and lateral
      Head is proximal & medial    Gee . . . I wonder what the Head attaches to . . ._______________________________
      Intercondylar fossa is distal & posterior
      Linea aspera is posterior, and down the midline of the diaphysis
      Medial epicondyle is distal & medial (of course)
      NOTE: From a Lateral view, the Femur looks like an archery BOW,
                       which should always bow FORWARD (towards the anterior)
Tibia - The BIG bone in the LOWER leg
       Medial malleolus is distal & medial (of course)
       Fibular notch is distal & lateral     Gee . . . I wonder what the Fibular notch attaches to . . ._______________________________
      Lateral condyle is proximal and lateral (of course)    Gee . . . I wonder what the Lateral condyle attaches to . . ._______________________________
       Tibial tuberosity is proximal and anterior
    NOTE: From a Lateral view, the Tibia looks like an archery BOW,
                       which should always bow FORWARD (towards the anterior)
Fibula - The LITTLE bone in the LOWER leg
        Head is proximal    Gee . . . I wonder what the Head attaches to . . ._______________________________
        Lateral Malleolus is distal & lateral (of course)
        Interosseus Crest is anterior & proximal
     NOTE: IGNORE any BOW shape in the Fibula; it is a mistake in the model.

V. Questions: You should refer to chapters 8 and 9 in your textbook!

1. Describe the function of the olecranon process and the olecranon fossa in terms of the two intended movements, and the one they evolved to prevent.

2. Name the other landmarks that are necessary for the intended movements in question one, Name the bones on which they are found, and describe how their shape assists the movement?

3. Why is the Fibula so much smaller, and thinner than the Tibia (answer in terms of function and articulation with other bones).

4. What bones articulate with the scapula, and what does this say about the stabilization of the scapula?  NOTE: Articulation involves BONE to BONE connection via ligaments; any connection via MUSCLES doesn't count.

5. What type of section (from chapter one) would you use to cut along the articulation of the Sacrum and the Ilium of the Pelvic bone (ever heard the word "sacro-iliac?").  Refer to the shape of the articulation (joint) in your answer.

6. The superior portion of the spine of the Scapula is for the attachment of several muscles. What is the LARGEST of these muscles, where do the other ends of that muscle attach, and what movements (there are several) does that muscle perform?

7. Describe how the shape of the Radius and Ulna, on both the proximal and the distal ends, allow it to perform both pronation and supination.   Refer to the appropriate landmarks in your answer (any of which may not be listed above).

8. The Femur and the Tibia both bow forward when viewed from either a medial, or a lateral view.  Explain the adaptive value of this given the weight-bearing function of the two bones (i.e., explain why bowing backwards would be inadvisable.).

9. List all of the landmarks, listed according to the bones above, and using the order of the bones above, that cannot be palpated (felt) through the skin. NOTE: Be careful here! . . . there are TWENTY FOUR!

VI. Conclusion:

    Write a 1/2 page minimum conclusion in which you dicsuss the ease and/or difficulties you felt in identifying the bones by name and determining left and right. Discuss the apprpriateness of emphasizing the X, Y, and Z axes, and the landmarks, in your efforts, especially in terms of any changes in your perception as a result of our last day's review.  Also, be sure to discuss some applications for this knowledge in the real world (i.e. think in terms of careers that might use this information).  Is there anything about the way you conducted the lab that might have led to Errors in your identification of LEFT and/or RIGHT, and how would you alter the lab to IMPROVE it? LASTLY, is there anything left unanswered in completing this lab, and what sort of activity/lab/investigation could you to to anwer those questions?